HISTORY
Unitarian History
Many people think that the Unitarian faith must be a new, contemporary ideology as our outlook embraces a modern view of morals, ethics and freedom from religious creeds.
However, that couldn’t be further from the truth!
Unitarianism has been around and recognised since the 16th century having been born out of the Protestant Reformation across Europe. The Reformation was a time of questioning the basis of the established Catholic teaching. A number of people began to claim the right to read and interpret the Bible for themselves. Some who did found that it spoke of one God, without qualification. This did not square with the orthodox Christian doctrine of the Trinity, which taught that God consists of three “persons”, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit . Those who now dissented from this view became known as Unitarians as they believed God to be a “Unity” rather than a “Trinity”.
The theology was complex! However, this underlying principle emerged – that liberty of conscience in matters of faith was something the common person could aspire to.
In Poland and Transylvania (now part of Romania) the movement grew. It became recognised as a religion but was severely curtailed because its principles were seen as revolutionary and contrary to established Christian doctrine. There were early martyrs to the cause too – for instance, in 1539 Katrine Weigela, an 80 year woman was burned at the stake for spreading anti -Trinitarian ideas.
Despite opposition to, and oppression of early Unitarians the principles of the new thinking on theology, faith and ethics spread gradually through the medium of education, instruction and discussion thanks to the establishment of printing presses and academies.
It took some time for Unitarianism to become established in countries further west in Europe but by 1774 the first Unitarian congregation was formed in England under the direction of a former Church of England minister Theophilus Lindsey. The distinguished scientist and minister Joseph Priestley also played a key role in the formation of the movement.
An Act of Parliament in 1813 known as the Doctrine of the Trinity Act removed the legal requirement for people to practise the Trinitarian doctrine and permitted toleration for Unitarian worship.
In Scotland, Unitarianism had taken root too, expounding principles of reason, tolerance and freedom of thought that ran contrary to dogmatic Calvinist ideals that were dominant after the Scottish Reformation. Once again though, Unitarians experienced persecution. The Unitarian minister in Dundee, Thomas Fyshe Palmer, was transported to Botany Bay in 1794 for his radical politics and pro-democracy activism.
However, this was now the period of the French Revolution, rebellion in Ireland and the American Wars of Independence. People were becoming less fearful of the dictates of State and religious institutions and those who were inclined to follow nonconformist or dissenting faiths were determined to achieve their right to meet and establish their churches.
In the USA also, Unitarianism flourished and the Unitarian Association was formed in 1825. Several Unitarian churches had been established in the years before this, thanks in part to the encouragement of Joseph Priestley who had emigrated there in 1794. Throughout the next century links developed between the Universalist and Unitarian movements with a joint focus on the abolition of slavery and social justice. In 1961 the Unitarian Universalist Association was formed and today across USA the principles of Unitarianism in a modern world are celebrated within over 1000 churches and in Canada by just over 40 congregations.
Back in the British Isles, the 20th and 21st century have seen a decline in organised religion generally with churches and congregations dwindling as people pursue their beliefs outside the traditions of church services. Today we have four congregations in Scotland linked by the Scottish Unitarian Association.
The core principles of Unitarianism have lost none of their value in modern society. The church is still about reason, respect and freedom of thought as it was in the 16th century. However, those involved in the Unitarian movement recognise the need to adapt to new methods of serving their local communities, supporting members through internet, virtual platforms and social media and seeking to influence social justice and environmental issues.
The fire of the early Unitarians still burns, as is demonstrated by lighting of the flame in our symbolic chalice. Only the method of lighting it and keeping the flame steady has changed somewhat from the 16th to 21st century.
References and further reading;
The Unitarians – www.unitarian.org.uk
Unitarianism – en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian
History of Unitarianism – www.bbc.co.uk
Unitarian Historical Society – www.unitarianhistory.org.uk
Our History
1840 – 1905
THE CHRISTIAN UNITARIAN CHURCH, 209 GEORGE STREET, ABERDEEN
In the Beginning
The Aberdeen Unitarian Church owes its existence to a small group of liberal thinkers who in 1833 invited the Rev. Archibald MacDonald of Greenock to conduct Unitarian services in the city. These were enthusiastically received and a Congregation was formally established on Sunday 13th October, 1833.
An architect, J.S.Simpson, was commissioned to produce a plan of a new church building, which was subsequently dedicated as a “Christian Unitarian Church” on 9th August, 1840. It was “an elegant building, in every way fit for public worship”. Its interior dimensions were 50 x 43 feet and 133 members took “sittings”. The building cost 859GBP and much of this sum was raised by the minister, Rev. J. Cropper, who travelled widely in England and Ireland, seeking financial help for the Aberdeen cause.
This building was the home of the Congregation until 28th May, 1905, when it was sold to a firm of undertakers for 2000GBP. Nothing now remains of the facade of this original church. The site is now occupied by a menswear shop.
It is appropriate to highlight the ministry of the Rev Alexander Webster (1884-1891 and 1895-1910) who in his first period as minister of the Church instigated “Fresh Air Fortnight” holidays for deprived children of the city. Within the first year hundreds of children were given country holiday opportunities. Within 20 years a cottage was purchased at Peterculter and this evolved into The Home for Ailing Children and what is now Linn Moor Residential School .
When the Rev. Webster embarked upon his second Aberdeen ministry he dedicated himself to creating a more comfortable and commodious building. By 1906 his dream had been fulfilled.
1906 – 1987
THE REV. ALEXANDER WEBSTER’S CHURCH, SKENE STREET, ABERDEEN
The Congregation took possession of its new building at the corner of Skene Street and Rosemount Viaduct in July 1906 and the service of Dedication took place on 23rd September, of that year. The architects were D.& J.McMillan and the building and its furnishings cost 7370GBP, of which 1720GBP had been raised personally by the Rev. Alexander Webster on extensive fund-raising tours of the United Kingdom and the United States.
The building consisted of a large, spacious church with gallery and organ upstairs and a fine hall, smaller rooms and kitchen, downstairs. The church boasted some fine woodwork, including a vaulted pitch-pine ceiling, an impressive pulpit and fine panelling.
In this new home the Congregation flourished, enjoying an enlarged membership (189 in 1906), increased prestige in the city, and during the ensuing years, some very distinguished ministries. It had proved to be everything its founder, Alexander Webster, had hoped it would be, a worthy home for a vigorous, free-thinking Congregation.
However, the financial burden of maintaining a large granite building in need of renovation was beginning to tell on the Congregation in the 1980s, and so the decision was made to seek a less costly building. Eventually an exchange was agreed with the Jehovah’s Witnesses who owned a more compact building in the next street, Skene Terrace. Thus the Jehovah Witnesses moved into the Alexander Webster building in 1987, renaming it Kingdom Hall.
1987 – present
ABERDEEN UNITARIAN CHURCH, 43a SKENE TERRACE, CITY CENTRE, ABERDEEN
The building was opened by a small sect, the Church of Christ in 1909. It has been used by several religious denominations over the years and is well-suited to the needs of a smallish Congregation of modest means.
The Congregation took possession of the building in July 1987 and it is held in Trust for the conduct of public worship. A new electronic organ was installed at the time.
It provides compact and comfortable accommodation consisting of a multi-purpose worship space, kitchen and toilets downstairs and a recently refurbished smaller meeting/quiet room upstairs.
In September 2013, members of the congregation participated in Edinburgh in the 2 day celebrations for the 200th anniversary of the founding of the Scottish Unitarian Association (SUA) and the passing of the Trinitarian Act by presenting a historical insight in music, song and speech entitled “1813-an’ a’ that”. This was written by past Aberdeen Church Secretary, Bill Stephen.
August 2018 saw a commemorative service led by Rev Caroline Cormack and held in the presence of the Lord Provost, local politicians family members and a representative from VSA who run Linn Moor School for the 100th anniversary of the passing of the Rev Webster. At the time, his gravestone in Old Meldrum churchyard was cleaned and re-erected by the family.
The commemorative service was followed in January 2019 by a Civic Reception hosted by the Lord Provost to celebrate the life and work of the Rev Webster. Speakers were the Lord Provost Barney Crockett, Mrs Joan Cook, President of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, Rev Caroline Cormack, Dr Mike Taylor, Rev Webster’s great grandson and Kenneth Simpson, CEO of VSA, Aberdeen. Around 50 invited guests from the congregation, family, the local political scene, VSA and other organisations that recognised the political and socialist work of Rev Webster were present.
Since Covid years, our pattern of worship has developed to suit the changing needs of our congregation. This has opened up new opportunities for cooperative services using Zoom and other media with fellow Unitarian churches in Scotland and beyond.
OUR IDENTITY
Several influences contribute towards establishing the identity of our Congregation and to how it is viewed by our fellow citizens:- the Principles and Objectives of the Unitarian General Assembly; the spiritual priorities, personality and life experiences of our individual members; the moral values of contemporary society; the Minister’s contribution to the community beyond the Church and how this is perceived by the general population as being of practical value to society as a whole.
During the first half of the 20th century, Revs, A. Webster, H.H. Ceiron Jones and L. Baker Short all held elected civic office, and Unitarian influence in City affairs reached its peak. At the same time, membership numbers also reached their peak at over 300. During the late 1950s, the Rev. Wallace Tavener introduced the Unitarians and the City ( and eventually the U.K.) to Humanism, when he acted as Chair at a series of talks in the Music Hall on Humanism by Dr Laura Knight, Aberdeen University lecturer in psychology. The talks were subsequently broadcast on BBC Third Programme and immediately provoked nationwide controversy. Unfortunately, Wallace Tavener died suddenly in December 1960 and our participation (whatever it may have been) in the Humanist debate died with him.
Mr. Tavener’s successor, after a lengthy pulpit vacancy, was the Rev. Colin Gibson, a deeply spiritual pastor whose energies were concentrated upon attending to the spiritual needs of his flock. While Mr Gibson made contact with his fellow City ministers, his participation in their joint activities was never innovative or challenging. We, meanwhile, enjoyed the tranquillity and certainty of a settled ministry, and perhaps became too complacent to pursue a programme of outreach.
Another lengthy vacancy followed the Rev. Colin Gibson’s retirement in 1976, during which time, the Congregation turned inward again, being fully engaged in maintaining, as lay people, all the basic services expected of a church. At last, in September 1979, a young woman with a husband and three young children, the Rev. Carol Burrows, was appointed and our profile changed immediately. Mrs Burrows was energetic, confident, innovative and had a sense of mission to reach out to the lonely, the bereaved, the deeply troubled and the set-aside. She quickly made herself known to her fellow clergy and became involved in inter-church activities. She mobilised the resources of the church to help the needy and we found ourselves cooking and serving meals to the homeless and despairing on a regular basis and acting as host to inter-faith events. She involved herself in every aspect of congregational life, started a youth club and made certain that everyone felt themselves to be a valued member of her church family. For several lonely members, she was their principal (on occasion only) emotional support. She was greatly interested in religious broadcasting and it was due to her initiative that the Church Secretary, Bill Stephen, became the first presenter of “Sunday Best”, the North Sound Radio weekly religious programme, again ensuring that our congregation contributed to the on-going religious life of the city. For ten years we maintained this momentum until Mrs Burrows concluded her Aberdeen ministry with a self-confident flourish, when in April 1980, we welcomed the Annual Meetings of the General Assembly to Aberdeen. Unitarians from all over the U.K. and abroad, gathered in Aberdeen for our annual get-together which included a Civic Reception and an Address by the Lord Provost. It seemed to us that the city had become Unitarian for a week. Over the ensuing ministries, we continued to serve Mrs Burrows’ initiatives until gradually circumstances changed and other outreach priorities presented themselves, such as the community cafes on Wednesdays and Saturdays.
Burrows’ successor, Rev. Glyn Eastman was a gentle, kindly man in whose service we found reassurance, compassion and consolation. Unfortunately, when he arrived he was suffering from an undiagnosed ailment which quickly consumed his energy and which proved to be fatal within three years.
Fortunately, the Rev. Anne Wicker answered our call in 1993 and we settled into what we expected would be a long, settled ministry. Miss Wicker was a conventional Unitarian minister who saw herself as a supportive pastor, a stimulating and instructive preacher and a participant in the wider religious life of the city. Miss Wicker was a forward-thinking Unitarian i.e. while appreciating and respecting what was valuable in our traditions, she recognised that social mores and priorities were changing rapidly and Unitarianism had to try to be relevant in this new age. We quickly established an effective routine and settled down to enjoy the blessings of a settled ministry. However, after several happy years, Miss Wicker’s health started to deteriorate and tragically, for her as well as the congregation, she was obliged to retire from the ministry and so a promising career was brought to an untimely end in 2000.
Miss Wicker’s successor, the Rev. Eric Breeze had, as a young man, travelled widely in the far east and had become interested in Buddhism and meditation, both of which influenced his ministry and his preaching. Meditation became a significant part of our Sunday worship and he contributed to a series of well-researched talks on the practice of meditation, which eventually appeared on our website.. Evening meditation sessions were introduced and, as an outreach measure, were advertised to the general public and continued until Mr Breeze ended his ministry in 2005.
Following Mr. Breeze was a brilliant young man, a cosmopolitan, a poet and playwright, witty, original, a visionary, intellectually stimulating and spiritually awakening, whose all-too-short ministry of two years, had revitalised us and brought hope of a future of endless possibilities but alas, the Rev. Cathal Courtney returned to his native Ireland and left us deflated.
Inevitably, another pulpit vacancy ensued and our priority was to preserve the day-to-day life of the church. Fortunately, the Rev. Caroline Cormack, already an Interfaith minister, rescued us, brought consolation and healing and restored a sense of direction by agreeing to become our Minister. Starved of pastoral care, our members turned to Mrs Cormack for reassurance and support. Meditation once again became prominent in our worship, while the triumph of goodwill over evil and the power of positive thinking informed many pulpit addresses. Weekly meditation sessions were resumed and we participated in Interfaith events. Mrs Cormack’s devotional contributions appeared in “The Inquirer”, our Unitarian and free Christian paper. We were fulfilling our role as a functioning congregation once again.
Then came covid and lockdown. People reassessed their priorities and a different world has emerged from lockdown. Ministers played a major role in establishing our identity and how we were perceived by our fellow citizens. Without a minister once again (at time of writing), we are thrown back upon our own resources. However, as this analysis of the past few decades has shown, resourcefulness, ingenuity, determination and a hopeful outlook have always been part of our identity.
Bill Stephe
Famous Unitarians
Famous People You Didn’t Know Were Unitarian
Given many historical thinkers ascribed to the faith, it’s no surprise there are so many famous Unitarians. From celebrities to scientists, many adhere to the belief system that embraces an open-minded and welcoming approach to the search for God. Due to this inviting mentality, people from all disciplines ascribe to the faith. Famous people who are Unitarian include actors, singers, poets, politicians, and other prominent public figures.
GRETA GERWIG (1983-)
She an American actress, screenwriter and director. Her latest directorial feature, the fantasy comedy, Barbie(2023) which she co-wrote with her partner became the first film from a solo female director to gross over $1 billion worldwide. Greta was raised a Unitarian Universalist and actually filmed a scene in the movie Francis Ha at her home Unitarian Church.
PAUL NEWMAN (1925-2008)
Paul Leonard Newman was an American actor, film director, producer, race car driver, Indy Car owner, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. He won and was nominated for numerous awards, winning an Oscar for his performance in the 1986 film The Color of Money, a BAFTA Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Cannes Film Festival Award, an Emmy Award, and many others. Newman’s other roles include the title characters in The Hustler (1961), Hud (1963), Harper (1966). He was born to a Catholic mother and a Jewish father and became Unitarian later in life.
P T BARNUM (1810-1891)
Circus promoter P. T. Barnum created ‘the greatest show on earth,’ but he was equally devoted to championing his religion, Universalism. P. T. Barnum was an original board member of Tufts University, the flagship college of Unitarian Universalists.
Dr JOSEPH PRIESTLEY (1733-1804)
Minister at Birmingham Lower Meeting House (where New Street Station is today), from 1780-1791.
He was a man of immense intellect, speaking ten languages and undertook scientific experiments as a spare time activity. He discovered the element Oxygen and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and awarded its Gold Medal. He was also awarded a Doctorate in Law. He was an enthusiastic member of the Lunar Society, a monthly gathering of distinguished men who met to discuss their scientific observations and experiments. Their numbers included Matthew Boulton, James Watt and Josiah Wedgwood.
Priestley was also an assiduous student of the scriptures and aroused intense hostility from the Church of England by concluding that Jesus was not the Son of God but a human being who had led an exemplary life. He strongly upheld freedom of enquiry, the authority of conscience rather than dogma and the critical use of reason in religion. Despite the antipathy which this created, his methodology was widely admired and copied. Priestly was a strong believer in civil and religious liberty and spoke out boldly about the need for social reform and greater justice for the common man. He was a great friend of Benjamin Franklin, the American Ambassador to the Court of France. All of this aroused the ire of the Government as well as the Church of England and on the second anniversary of the French Revolution, a mob was incited to attack and burn both the Lower Meeting House and Priestley’s home and laboratory. Priestley fled to London and shortly afterwards to America where he founded the first American Unitarian Church in Philadelphia.
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
The son of Josiah Wedgwood’s daughter who married Dr. Erasmus Darwin, the well known 18th Century physician, poet and intellectual. Charles attended High Street Chapel, Shrewsbury as a youth before starting to read medicine at Edinburgh, which he dropped to attend Cambridge to read for the church. In 1831, he joined the voyage of the Beagle as a naturalist. His observations during the voyage prompted him to develop a new evolutionary theory that the development of all forms of life occurs through the slow-working process of natural selection. He set out these ideas in his book The Origin of Species.
TIM BERNERS-LEE (1955-)
The inventor of the World Wide Web and a member of our church in Boston where he works at the world-famous Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a Professor and Director of the World Wide Web Consortium. Berners-Lee was born in Surrey to parents who both worked on the development of the early commercial computer, the Ferranti 1. With a strong mathematical bent, he built his first computer as an undergraduate at Oxford, using a soldering iron, a microprocessor chip and old television set. He went on to take First Class Honours. After working for various software companies, he secured an appointment at CERN, the leading-edge research centre into particle analysis in Geneva. Faced with the problem of achieving ready access to the vast store of information within the project, he conceived the idea of creating an abstract information space and obtained the go ahead to write the software for the world wide web. When fully developed, this allowed a person working at one computer to search for information across the network of computers linked up to the system throughout the world. What started only fourteen years ago has become a world wide industry which allows us to send emails, purchase goods, manage our bank accounts on-line, book holidays and search for information on almost any topic you care to name. But what makes Berners-Lee special, is his altruistic decision to make his invention available without charge for the benefit of mankind. His contribution to society has been recognised by the award of a knighthood in 2004 and by his appointment to the Order of Merit in 2007.
CHRISTOPHER REEVE (1952-2004)
Christopher D’Olier Reeve was an American actor, film director, author, and activist, best known for playing the title character in the film Superman and three sequels. Born in New York City and raised in Princeton, New Jersey, Reeve discovered a passion for acting and the theatre at the age of nine. Christopher Reeve was a member of the Unitarian Church. Regarding his faith, he said: It gives me a moral compass. I often refer to Abe Lincoln, who said, “When I do good, I feel good. When I do bad, I feel bad. And that is my religion. “I think we all have a little voice inside us that will guide us. It may be God, I don’t know.”
PETE SEEGER (1919-2014)
Pete Seeger was more of an agnostic, but frequently sang with a band associated with the Unitarian Universal church in New York and eventually joined the congregation himself. When asked about his religious or spiritual beliefs, and his definition of God, Seeger replied: “Nobody knows for sure. I used to say I was an atheist. Now I say, it’s all according to your definition of God. According to my definition of God, I’m not an atheist. Because I think God is everything. Whenever I open my eyes I’m looking at God. Whenever I’m listening to something I’m listening to God. I feel strongly that I’m trying to raise people’s spirits to get together. I tell people I don’t think God is an old white man with a long white beard and no navel; nor do I think God is an old black woman with white hair and no navel. But I think God is literally everything, because I don’t believe that something can come out of nothing. And so there’s always been something. Always is a long time.”
Some Eminent Scottish Unitarians
- Rev Alexander Webster (1840-1918) Instigator of Aberdeen’s “Fresh Air Fortnights”, evolving into The Home for Ailing Children and then Linn Moor School, Culter, Aberdeen
- Stephen Mitchell (1789-1874) Tobacco producer and Mitchell Library, Glasgow named after him
- Alan Glen (1772-1850) Builder and founder of Alan Glen’s School, Glasgow
- William Teacher (1811-1876) Whisky retailer, Glasgow
- George Baillie (1784-1873) Lawyer and Baillie’s Institution Free Library, Glasgow named after him
- William Freeland (1828-1903) Poet and essayist
If you’re interested in learning more about famous Unitarians, please click the link below.
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-unitariancelebrities/celebrity-lists